A Guide to Members' Voluntary Liquidations
Introduction
A company can be put into liquidation voluntarily, at the
instigation of its directors, or compulsorily, by order of the Court. The
effect in either case is that a liquidator is appointed to bring the company’s
existence to an end so that it can be dissolved. Where the decision to go into
liquidation is taken voluntarily and the company is insolvent and cannot pay
all its creditors in full, the liquidation is termed a ‘creditors’ voluntary
liquidation’. If the company is solvent and can pay all its creditors in full,
the liquidation may be a ‘members’ voluntary liquidation’.
Commencement
The catalyst for a members’ voluntary liquidation is a
decision by the directors that the company has no further purpose and that
available assets should be realised and distributed to shareholders. The
decision may be prompted by tax planning considerations within groups of
companies or as part of group or company reorganisations or reconstruction’s.
In certain types of reorganisation, the whole or part of the business of the
company to be liquidated is sold to another company in exchange for shares or
other securities in the purchasing company. In rarer situations a company’s
articles may provide for it to exist for a fixed period only or until a
specified event occurs.
Declaration of Solvency
An essential requirement for a members’ voluntary
liquidation is that the directors (or a majority of them) must make a statutory
declaration that they have made a full inquiry into the company’s affairs and
have formed the opinion that the company will be able to pay its debts in full,
together with statutory interest, within a specified period, not exceeding 12
months, from the commencement of the liquidation. The declaration,
incorporating a statement of the company’s assets and liabilities at the latest
practicable date, is made before a solicitor or commissioner of oaths. The
declaration must be made not more than five weeks before the liquidation and to
be effective must also be filed with the Registrar of Companies within 15 days
of the commencement of the liquidation.
A director making a declaration has to have reasonable
grounds for the opinion that the company will be able to pay its debts in full,
together with statutory interest, in the period specified. If a declaration is
made but the company’s debts are neither paid nor capable of being paid in the
period, the onus of proof lies on the director to show that he had reasonable
grounds for his opinion and, if he does not, he may be liable to imprisonment
or a fine.
Members’ meeting
A resolution for members voluntary winding up of a company must be passed by the company’s
members and for a members’ voluntary liquidation a special resolution is
usually required. Such a resolution can be passed in a general meeting and 21
days’ notice of the meeting is normally required. Shorter notice can be agreed
upon by a majority in number of the members having the right to attend and vote
and holding not less that 95% in respect of public companies, or 90% in respect
of private companies, of the nominal value of the shares giving that right.
A special resolution proposed in general meeting can only be
passed if three quarters of the members entitled to vote and voting in person
or by proxy vote in favour if it, subject to any poll based on shares held
which may be provided for in the company’s articles.
In certain circumstances, for private companies, valid
resolutions can be passed without a meeting being held, if the resolution is
signed by or on behalf of all members entitled to attend and vote at a general
meeting. The date of a written resolution is the date the resolution is signed
by or on behalf of the last member to sign. There is a general requirement with
this new statutory provision regarding written resolutions that they be sent to
the company’s auditors who can, should the resolution affect them, insist it be
considered at the general meeting.
The resolution has to be advertised in the Gazette within 14 days and filed with the Registrar of Companies within 15 days of its adoption. In a members’ voluntary liquidation the company must, in addition to passing the resolution for winding up, pass a resolution for the appointment of one or more liquidators.
Commencement of liquidation
A voluntary liquidation commences at the time of the passing
of the resolution and from that time the company exists only for the purposes
of winding up even though its corporate state and corporate powers continue
until it is dissolved. The company can carry on its business only in so far as
is necessary to benefit the liquidation. In practice a liquidator might
continue the business for a short period either in a limited way for the
beneficial disposal of assets, or to facilitate the sale of the company’s
undertaking as a going concern.
A consequence of the liquidation is that the powers of the
directors cease other than as sanctioned by the members or the liquidator.
Further, transfers of the company’s shares require the sanction of the
liquidator to be valid and the status of the members of the company cannot be
altered.
The Liquidator
The Liquidator must be an authorised insolvency practitioner
and upon appointment gives notice in The Gazette and to the Registrar of
Companies. Notice of the appointment must also be sent to creditors within 28
days. The Liquidator may be removed from office by a general meeting convened
for the purpose or by the Court and any type of vacancy in the office of
liquidator may be filled by the company in a general meeting. If the vacancy is
not filled in that way the Court may appoint.
The Liquidator has a wide range of powers to enable
realisation of the company’s assets, agreement of creditors’ claims and
distributions to creditors and members. Certain powers (e.g., compromising
creditors’ claims) may be exercised only with the sanction of the members. The Liquidator is able to operate bank accounts in the name of the company and to
invest funds, subject to paying funds not required for the immediate purposes
of the liquidation into an account held by the Secretary of State for Trade and
Industry, at six monthly intervals.
Quantification of claims
The rules under which claims are dealt with in a members’
voluntary liquidation are the same as in other forms of liquidation and claims
may be made in any form. A secured creditor may either realise its security and
prove for any balance due or may surrender the security and prove for the whole
debt (any surplus realised by a secured creditor is payable to the liquidator).
Mutual dealings between a creditor and the company prior to liquidation must be
set off.
Debts in foreign currency must be converted to sterling.
Interest can only be included in the debt if a legal right to such interest has
been established prior to liquidation, and then only up to the date of
liquidation. A liquidator may also estimate the value of contingent or
unquantified claims.
In the event of a dispute regarding a claim, the liquidator
may reject all or part of a creditor’s proof, but the creditor then has 21 days
in which to refer the matter to the Court.
Distributions to creditors
The Liquidator will invite all known creditors to make their
claims, usually with the notice of appointment. Notice of any intended dividend
will be given to listed creditors who have not made their claims, specifying
the latest date by which claims should be made. The Liquidator still has the
discretion to admit late claims, but only to the extent that other funds remain
available.
In order to distribute funds safely regardless of potential claims of which the liquidator is not aware, an advertisement of the intention to make any distribution may be placed in the newspaper the liquidator considers most appropriate for drawing it to the creditors’ attention. Any such advertisement must specify a last date for proving debts not less than 21 days from that of the notice. If the proposed distribution in question is to be the only or final distribution, the fact that late claims will be excluded must be stated in the advertisement.
Interest since the start of the liquidation
The Liquidator must pay interest on all creditors’ claims calculated from the later of the commencement of the liquidation or the date the debt was due, up to the date payment is made. The rate of interest used is the higher of the judgement debt rate (currently 8%) or the rate previously agreed by the company.
Insolvency
If in the course of a members’ voluntary liquidation the Liquidator is of the opinion that the company will be unable to pay its debts
in full (together with statutory interest) within the period stated in the
declaration of solvency, he must call a meeting of creditors to take place not
later than 28 days after the day on which he formed the opinion. The Liquidator
must give seven days’ notice in writing and advertise it in The Gazette and two
relevant newspapers. In these circumstances as from the day of the creditors’
meeting the liquidation becomes a creditors’ voluntary liquidation.
As far as remaining in office is concerned, the liquidator’s professional ethical guidelines may require him to offer his resignation and refuse re-appointment, where he or his firm had previously acted for the company, e.g. as auditors.
Meetings, reports and returns
If the liquidation continues for more than one year (for
example where agreement of one claim is protracted but sufficient funds to meet
it are still available) a general meeting must be summoned each year within
three months of the anniversary of the commencement of liquidation, although
this period may be extended with the permission of the Secretary of State for
Trade and Industry. The purpose of these meetings is for the liquidator to
present an account of his actions and of the conduct of the liquidation and 14
days’ notice is required. Within 30 days of the first anniversary of the
commencement of winding up, and of every six months thereafter, the liquidator
is required to send to the Registrar of Companies (in duplicate) a statement of
receipts and payments. The statement also includes additional information on
the liquidation.
Final meeting
As soon as the liquidation is completed, the Liquidator is
required to call a general meeting of the company for the purpose of laying
before it an account of the liquidation. The meeting must be advertised in the
Gazette at least one month beforehand. There is no requirement to adjourn the
meeting if no quorum is present. Within one week of the final meeting the
account presented to the meeting must be sent to the Registrar of Companies,
together with a return of the meeting. The liquidator must vacate office
forthwith and he is released from that time.
Dissolution
The company will be dissolved three months after
registration of the return of the final meeting by the Registrar of Companies.
The liquidator may destroy or otherwise dispose of the company’s records one
year after the date of dissolution. Any person appearing to the Court to be
interested may, within two years of the dissolution, apply for a declaration
that the dissolution of the company be void. This period is extended without
limit, but subject to relevant statutory limits, in the case of claims for
damages in respect of personal injuries or fatalities.
Some questions answered
Can the company’s auditors carry out the liquidation?
It is still acceptable to the professional bodies for a partner
in a firm which has had a client relationship with a company going into
members’ voluntary liquidation to be its liquidator, but by law that person
must be an authorised insolvency practitioner.
Why should there be any delay in payment to creditors?
A liquidator has to ensure that sufficient assets are
available to pay all claims in full. Apart from realising the assets, the
liquidator must invite creditors to claim and agree those claims, all of which
takes time. As noted above, creditors do receive interest up to the time they
are paid.
Bearing in mind that the company is solvent, when can
distributions be made to shareholders?
The shareholders can receive distributions only when
creditors have been paid in full, together with interest, or when the full
extent of those claims has been agreed.
Do the directors have cause for concern about having their
names associated with a liquidated company?
No stigma should attach to a members’ voluntary liquidation, as creditors are paid in full. It is only in insolvent liquidation that a director’s conduct is examined for possible disqualification proceedings.